Mock Test 4 by CLATalogue and CLATapult for CLAT 2020
ENGLISH
Read the passage carefully and choose the correct option to the questions given below: The happy man is the man who lives objectively, who has free affections and wide interests, who secures his happiness through these interests and affections and through the fact that they, in turn, make him an entity of interest and fondness to many others. To be the recipient of affection is a potent cause of happiness, but the man who demands affection is not the man upon whom it is bestowed. The man who receives liking is, speaking generally, the man who gives it. But it is useless to attempt to give it as a calculation, in the way in which one might lend money at interest, for acalculated affection is not honest and is not felt to be so by the beneficiary. What then can a man do who is doomed because he is enclosed in self? So long as he continues to think about the causes of his unhappiness, he continues to be self-centred and therefore does not get outside it. It must be of genuine interest, not by simulated interests adopted merely as a medicine. Although this difficulty is real, there is never the less much that he can do if he has rightly diagnosed his trouble. If for instance, his woe is due to a sense of depravity, conscious or unconscious, he can first influence his conscious mind that he has no reason to feel sinful, and then proceed, to plant this rational conviction in his unconscious mind, concerning himself meanwhile with some more or less neutral activity. If he prospers in dismissing the sense of immorality, it is possible that genuine unbiased interests will arise spontaneously. If his trouble is self-pity, he can deal with it in the same manner after first persuading himself that there is nothing extraordinarily unfortunate in his circumstances. If fright is his worry, let him drill exercises designed to give bravery. Courage has been recognized from time immemorial as an important virtue, and a great part of the training of boys and young men has been devoted to producing a type of character capable of fearlessness in battle. But moral courage and intellectual courage have been much less studied. They also, however, have their technique. Admit to yourself every day at least one painful truth, you will find it quite useful. Teach yourself to feel that life would still be worth living even if you were not, as of course, you are, immeasurably superior to all your friends in virtue and in intelligence. Exercises of this kind protracted through numerous years will, at last, enable doing, might free you from the empire of fear on a very large scale.
What does calculated affection mean?
affection which is recieved unwillingly
affection which is temporary
affection which is bogus and forge
affection which comes as an alm
According to the passage, a happy man
is self-engaged
has free affection and wide interests
is free from outward passions
has no grudge
Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE in the context of the passage?
The happy man has wide interests.
Courage has been recognized as an important virtue.
A happy man lives objectively
moral courage and intellectual courage has been extensively studied.
Which of the following virtues, according to the passage, has been recognized for long as an important virtue?
isolation
oblation
courage
unassertiveness
Which of the following words is SIMILAR in the meaning of the word ‘simulated’ as used in the passage?
Imitated
Accommodated
Trusted
Directed
A man who is suffering from the feeling of self-pity should
develop a feeling of fearlessness.
persuade himself that everything is alright in his circumstances.
seek affection from others.
control his passions and emotions
Which of the following statements is TRUE in the context of the passage?
Passions stem from unhappiness
A happy man lives subjectively
Virtues have dark sides as well
Courage is the virtue to face worries
Which of the following statements is SIMILAR in meaning to the word ‘potent’ as used in the passage?
adventurous
Callous
Vigorous
shrinking
Which of the following words is OPPOSITE in meaning of the word ‘ conviction‘ as used in the passage?
Belief
Certainity
Stance
doubt
When you think about the cause of your unhappiness, you
introspect and look critically at yourself.
realize that life can be lived in different ways.
practise exercise designed to give coverage.
become a self-centred person.
QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES
DIRECTIONS FOR QUESTIONS (Q. 11 TO Q. 15): The following graph provides data regarding the birthday of students in a class by month. Analyse the graph and answer the given questions
What are the total number of students in the class?
63
60
58
67
What is the average number of birthdays every month, in the first half of the year?
6
4
7
5
What is the average number of birthdays over the months with the least and most birthdays?
4
b) 4.5
c) 5.5
d) 6.5
Selecting a random student from the class, what is the probability that the chosen student’s birthday falls in September?
a) 8/63
b) 1/7
c) 1/9
d) 2/13
Q.15 Assuming that no two students share a birthday, what is the probability that any day of the year chosen at random will be a birthday?
a) 0.12
b) 0.17
c) 0.23
d) 0.3
DIRECTIONS FOR QUESTIONS (Q. 16 TO Q. 20): The given pie chart analyses the usage of multiple browsers by users. Analyse the chart and answer the given questions.
What is the percentage of users who use neither Internet Explorer, nor Chrome? a) 24.6
b) 36.9
c) 16.8
d) 26.3
What is the number of people using Safari, if the number of people using Firefox are 7580?
a) 800
b) 840
c) 750
d) 900
If Opera dissolved and all of its users were evenly distributed among the remaining browsers, which browser would have the maximum percentage increase?
Safari
Chrome
Firefox
Internet Explorer
If the number of users of Opera are 2520, what are the number of users that use Chrome?
a) 8400
b) 9600
c) 8800
d) 9300
If the number of users were to be divided equally among the five companies, which browser would suffer the most loss?
Chrome
Opera
Firefox
Internet Explorer
LOGIC
Direction: Q.21-26: Eight people A, Z, B, Y, C, X, D and E are sitting around a circular table and facing the centre not necessarily in same order. E sits second to the right of Y. Y is not an immediate neighbor of either A or C. C sits third to right of A. X and Z are immediate neighbors. D is not an immediate neighbour of E.
Who sits second to the right of the one who sits on the immediate right of D?
X
E
B
C
How many persons are sitting between X and A?
One
Two
Three
Cannot be determined
Who sits third to the right of E?
Z
D
X
Either Z or X
What is the position of Z with respect to B?
Immediate right
Third to the right
Fourth to the left
Cannot be determined
Three of them are alike in certain way and form a group. Find the one that doesn’t belong to the group
EA
YB
XE
CD
If X is on the immediate right of A then who among the following sits third to the left of Z?
A
C
E
D
Q.27&28: Mohan suggests launching a new insurance policy to cover the services required by elderly people like medical coverage who belong to age group of 60-70. He suggests keeping the premium for policy low enough to attract more customers.
Which of the following if true is most likely to weaken the Mohan idea?
Not much people under that age group are willing to take insurance policies.
Revenue would not be enough to pay for the claims
They should target only high income adults
None of the above
What could be the possible course of action in above case?
They should target middle age customers also as they are likely to file claims for many years
Clients list should be selective
More services should be included the policies
Neither of the above
Mr. A puts forward the idea that local industries in our country should be protected from foreign competition by way of protective duties. It is a type of tax imposed on foreign goods to protect domestic industries. It will protect it from foreign competitors. The idea is to increase demand for domestic products while reducing the volume of imports. Tariffs also provide a source of revenue for the country levying them.
Which of the following if true, could weaken A’s argument.
High protective duties result into lesser or no imports and revenues will fall as exports would decrease.
Foreign manufactures are unaffected by such duties
Without competition, industry would have no need to innovate and result into decline in quality and be more expensive than what foreign competitors produce.
It will result in corruption
Author 1: Patent or Copyright protection for works done by AI (Artificial Intelligence) should be given in collaboration as works done by AI are result of human interference.
Author 2: AI systems must be recognized on international platforms because some parts of the world fail to recognize their existence.
Author 3: Proper guidelines are needed for granting of patent and copyright and if possible it should be framed at International level and implemented by all the countries.
Author 4: There should also be law governing criminal liability for wrongs done by Artificial Intelligence.
Which of the following conclusion can be drawn based on above arguments –
Human race is making efforts everyday to make life easier.
Laws regarding AI are ambiguous and needs clarification.
A law needs to frame for AI and protection of works done by them.
There is urgent need to recognition of AI existence.
CURRENT AFFAIRS
Prime Minister [A] said on Wednesday that his government was resigning to give President Vladimir Putin room to carry out the changes he wants to make to the constitution. The unexpected announcement, which came shortly after the president proposed a nationwide vote on sweeping changes that would shift power and make drastic changes to the system of government, means Russia will also get a new prime minister.
Possible candidates include Sergei Sobyanin, the mayor of Moscow, Maxim Oreshkin, the economy minister, or Alexander Novak, the energy minister. Mr. Medvedev made the announcement on State TV who thanked Mr. Medvedev, a close ally, for his work.
President Vladimir Putin said that Mr. Medvedev would take on a new job as deputy head of Russia's Security Council, which President Vladimir Putin chairs. He asked for the outgoing government to remain at work until a new government was appointed.
What is the name of the person whose name has been redacted with [A] in the aforementioned in the aforementioned passage?
Dmitri Medvedev.
Sergie Dmitri.
Stalin.
None of the above.
Who is the longest serving President of Russia?
Vladimir Putin.
Stalin.
Boris Yeltsin.
Mikhail Gorbachev
Which of the following is NOT actually true about ‘the changes’ which have been discussed in the aforementioned passage?
Mikhail Mishutsin has been named as the new Prime Minister of Russia.
The system of Russia has changed from Parliamentary to Presidential form of government.
The system of Russia has changed from Presidential Parliamentary to form of government.
Both A and C.
Which of the following is true about India?
India follows a presidential form of government.
India follows a parliamentary form of government.
India follows a mix of parliamentary form of government.
India follows a quasi-parliamentary form of government.
Which article of the Indian Constitution states that the President shall be vested with the executive powers in India?
Article 53
Article 73
Article 163
Article 75
has been appointed as Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). The post was lying vacant after Viral V Acharya resigned from the post in June last year. He will be the fourth Deputy Governor of the RBI and has been appointed to the post for a period of three years. [A] who is looking after the Monetary Policy Department as the Executive Director, is likely to retain the department, which was handled by Acharya, as the Deputy Governor.
The Reserve Bank of India, headed by Governor Shaktikanta Das, can have a maximum of
Deputy Governors. [C] are the other Deputy Governors working at the central bank
Identify the name of the person whose name has been replaced with [A] in the aforementioned passage?
Michael Debabrata Patra.
B P Kanungo.
S. Jaishankar.
M K Jain..
What is the prescribed maximum number of deputy governors at present?
Four.
Three.
Two.
None of the above.
In which year was the Reserve Bank of India established? a) 1935.
b) 1923.
c) 1951.
d) None of the above.
Who was the first governor of Reserve Bank of India?
C.D. Deshmukh
Duvvuri Subbarao
Osborn Smith
S. Venkatraman
The annual World Future Energy Summit for this year [2020] is being held in [A]. It is the leading global industry event and exhibition for future energy, cleantech and sustainability. Bringing together government and business leaders, 800 specialist exhibitors and 33,500 visitors from 170 countries, it showcases pioneering technologies and ground-breaking thinking in energy, energy efficiency, water, solar, waste and smart cities.
As a global hub for business, innovation and knowledge exchange at the heart of [A] Sustainability Week, the World Future Energy Summit inspires the advancement and transfer of ideas, technology and investment across borders and between the public and private sectors worldwide, helping to stimulate sustainable growth for all stakeholders.
Where (the name of the place redacted with [A] in the abovementioned passage) is the World Energy Summit 2020 being held?
Dubai.
Geneva.
London
None of the above.
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
This is not pedantic hair-splitting. On the contrary, it is deeply important, because respect for precedent is at the bedrock of our judicial system, and of the rule of law. Ordinarily, prior judgments of the Supreme Court are binding, and meant to be followed: this is what provides the system the stability and continuity that differentiates the rule of law from the rule of judges. Now if a later bench of the Court wants to go against binding precedent, a series of ground-rules exist to ensure that this can only happen after careful consideration and reflection, and in judicial proceedings where both sides can put their case. These ground rules stipulate, for example, that if a smaller bench feels that the binding decision of a previous, larger bench is incorrect, it “refers” the case to a larger bench to consider; and in general, this referral takes place incrementally (for example, from two judges to three, three to five etc. – although there have, of course, been exceptions). The reason for this – to reiterate – is that respect for precedent requires, logically, that settled law be disturbed only when there are weighty reasons for doing so.
However, there is something more concerning here. If the nine-judge bench is no longer restricting itself to the reference questions – but intends to hear these petitions as well – then it at least potentially follows that the Sabarimala petitions – out of which the review order arose – will also now be the subject matter of the hearing. This would be truly extraordinary: a final judgment of the Court (five judges) would be effectively re-heard by a nine-judge bench, against all existing norms and conventions. Recall that no judgment has yet doubted the correctness of the original Sabarimala decision, or made a reference to have it
reconsidered. In other words, this “second round” with a larger bench is taking place purely by virtue of the Chief Justice exercising his administrative fiat
It should be obvious by now that this is no longer about whether the original judgment in Sabarimala was right or wrong. People can – and do – have different views about that, and it would be entirely open to later benches to reconsider it, following proper procedures. But what is at stake here is something deeper: it is whether precedent continues to have any meaning at the Supreme Court, or whether what we are witnessing is a gradual metamorphosis of the Supreme Court of India into the Supreme Chief Justice of India (a point I have written about before). Because what has happened here is that a number crucial issues that required judicial consideration in a proper way (whether there is a conflict between Shirur Mutt and Durgah, requiring resolution; whether the referred questions actually affect the pending cases; and whether Sabarimala ought to be reconsidered) have been implicitly decided through the constitution of a nine-judge bench, by administrative fiat.
Source - https://indconlawphil.wordpress.com/2020/01/14/the-curious-continuing-afterlife- of-the-sabarimala-review/
What is the context under which the author differentiates between rule of law and rule of judges?
Argument about supremacy of the constitution
Binding precedents provide stability to the system
Questioning the credibility of the court
Arbitrary administrative fiats of judges
Why does the author believe that the supreme court is being distorted to a one man rule?
The court is taking into consideration matters which were not for review before them
The Author is being paranoid
The court is not following proper procedure established and hence, the administrative fiats are arbitrary
The court is exercising extra-territorial jurisdiction.
Why is the review mechanism of supreme court incremental in nature?
More judges translate into better judgements.
Reviews have limited grounds than petitions
To place a deterrent effect on frivolous appeals
Respect for precedent requires settled law to be distrubed only when there are justifiable reasons for it.
Section 35 of the Bill, for instance, empowers the Government to grant a carte blanche authorization to any of its agencies to gather personal data, thereby overriding privacy protections and categorically undermining the two main components required to limit an aspiring surveillance state: accountability and transparency. Privacy protections, the Bill states, can be overridden
in the interest of sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order; or
for preventing incitement to the commission of any cognizable offence relating to sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order
The Srikrishna Committee’s Draft Bill, on the other hand, permitted surveillance only if “authorised pursuant to a law” and “in accordance with the procedure established by such law” if “necessary for, and proportionate to, such interests being achieved.” This was in line with the judgment in K.S. Puttaswamy v Union of India, which emphasised that infringements upon privacy must meet the global constitutional standards of proportionality. The 2019 Bill eliminates these procedural restraints and does away with parliamentary or judicial oversight. Moreover, while the draft Bill provided such an exemption to the Government only in the interests of the security of the State, the current Bill further enhances the scope and boundaries of the broad scheme of power the Government enjoys.
The Government’s sweeping power invokes grave privacy concerns, disregards the procedural and content based mandate of Article 21 of the Constitution, and strikes at the very root of the interpretive advance made in the Privacy judgement.
As if this were not unconstitutional enough, the Bill allows the Central Government to collect anonymized “personal” or “non-personal data” from data fiduciaries. Neither term is distinguished nor defined in the bill. This provision is especially alarming in the wake of recent studies, which suggest that no anonymized personal data is protected from re- identification, thus raising a grave concern about confidentiality, privacy, and the ethical use of data. It is hardly a stretch to assume that this Bill, for all practical purposes, might seriously jeopardise the privacy of those set of individuals who espouse political sentiments that the Government may find unfavourable and thereby giving rise to a retributive form of policy making.
Another change which is a cause of worry is the substitution of the judicial members in the selection committee, which is responsible for the appointment of the chairperson and the members of the DPAI, as was envisioned in the draft Bill, with the Cabinet Secretary, Law Secretary, and Electronics and Information and Technology Secretary, thereby making it impervious to judicial and expert influence. While the US Supreme Court maintains that judicial authorization is required before the operation of certain kinds of domestic surveillance, the current Bill mentions no such prerequisite. The Bill further fails to grapple effectively against executive overreach and does not stand the scrutiny of the proportionality
jurisprudence, i.e., the principle which seeks to safeguard citizens from excessive Government measures.
What are the two main components to limit an aspiring state from violating the privacy of citizens?
A well defined law and an active judiciary
Anti-surveillance systems and anti government watchdogs
Accountability and Transparency
Transparency and Good faith
Which among the following options highlight the central problem with Section 35 of the bill?
The clause is vaguely worded
The clause is not in conformity global constitutional standards of proportionality
The clause is seemingly unconstitutional for not providing adequate safeguards
The clause is a departure from what the bill originally described.
What is the major problem with not having judicial oversight over the surveillance and not having judicial members in the selection committee?
Judiciary is the guardian of the constitution and it has a duty to protect it.
Judiciary is less corrupt than executive
Judiciary would provide checks and balances against governmental excesses
Judiciary would not be an accomplice in privacy violations
What could be a potential outcome of not having anonymized data protected from re- identification?
It may jeopardize the privacy of people who are against the government
It may jeopardize the Adhaar biometric privacy system
Anonymity would become a myth under a surveillance state
Option A & Option C
It was reported that the woman who had complained against the then-Chief Justice was reinstated in service to the Supreme Court. Given, however, that the complainant’s allegation was that she had been dismissed from service because she had refused advances from the then-Chief Justice, this “reinstatement” raises a host of deeply troubling questions about what passes for justice and accountability at the Supreme Court.
Question One: As the Supreme Court has provided no reasons for reinstatement, there is – at least formally – a presumption that the original dismissal was unlawful. If the originaldismissal was unlawful, it immediately puts paid to the “disgruntled employee” theory that was bandied around in open Court last year, as a form of character assassination. Who will now (a) take responsibility for the unlawful dismissal, and (b) for the “disgruntled employee” narrative that happened under the watch of Supreme Court judges?
Question 2: The informal “ad-hoc” Committee of three Supreme Court judges who examined the allegations and issued a “clean chit” to the Chief Justice, did so on the basis of their belief that the complaint had no merits. It follows from that fact that the three Supreme Court judges believed that the complainant had lied about being sexually harassed (there is no other way to spin this). Lying about sexual harassment allegations against the Chief Justice of India is a very serious matter. These days, the Supreme Court and government lawyers like to constantly throw around allegations of people “maligning” the institution by writing articles; well, if there is one thing that does “malign” the institution, it is (presumably) trying to trap the Chief Justice in a false sexual harassment case. But if that is true, then what is the Supreme Court doing reinstating the complainant? In particular, keep in mind that the head of the ad-hoc Committee was Bobde J., who is now the Chief Justice – and who, therefore, would presumably have signed off on this reinstatement. How can the present Chief Justice simultaneously hold the views that a complainant levelled false allegations against the then- Chief Justice, but also that the complainant should be reinstated into service?
After the initial article reporting the reinstatement was written, the Hindustan Times carried a report stating that the reinstatement happened after the complainant “agreed not to pursue the matter.” This report raises a second set of disturbing questions.
Question 3: It is normally understood that there is a right of appeal from a first-instance decision (although, as the Supreme Court set up an “informal ad-hoc Committee” to deal with this issue, it is unclear what rules it would have followed for an appeal). Reinstatement at the cost of giving up that right is tantamount to blackmail. Was the Supreme Court involved in any way in brokering this deal, and therefore complicit in blackmail?
Question 4: The Hindustan Times reports that the complainant’s assurance was given at the insistence of a “top government functionary.” Why is a “top government functionary” involved in these proceedings? Given that the Executive is the largest litigant before the Supreme Court – and even as we speak, defending a large number of constitutional challenges on far-reaching issues – does that not raise deeply disturbing questions about the separation of powers and what channels of communication (if any) exist between government and Court?
Source - https://indconlawphil.wordpress.com/2020/01/23/the-sexual-harassment-complaint- five-questions/
Why is there a presumption that the dismissal of the employee was unlawful?
The theory of disgruntled employee
Supreme Court must follow due process before dismissing
Supreme court did not provide any reasons for reinstatement
Influence of the top government functionary
What is the fallacy in Chief Justice Bobde’s views?
People writing articles maligning the supreme court and yet them being litigants
Believing that the complainant levelled false allegations against the then-Chief Justice and yet they were reinstated
Pronouncing judgements and yet letting the top government functionary speak to the media about the issue
None of the above
What is the context under which the supreme court may be complicit in blackmail?
Having top government functionary settle matters which affect supreme court’s image.
Reinstating an employee who was accused of levelling false charges
Reinstatement of an employee in exchange of not exercising right to appeal
None of the above
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